Can’t catch exception std::stoi

Whenever I input anything other than an integer, I was hoping for the catch block to execute but instead I get this error:

Unhandled exception at 0x002D0C39 in A03.exe: Stack cookie instrumentation code detected a stack-based buffer overrun. occurred

which takes me to:

if (IsProcessorFeaturePresent(PF_FASTFAIL_AVAILABLE)) {
    __fastfail(FAST_FAIL_STACK_COOKIE_CHECK_FAILURE);
}

I've tried varieties of catch blocks and exceptions with the same error. Can someone tell me what I'm doing wrong? Thank you!

Here is the code:

int main() {
    while (true) {
        std::string input;
        int num = 0;

        std::cout << "What number do you want to show?";
        std::cin >> input;
        try 
        {
            num = std::stoi(input);
            if (num >= 0 && num < 10)
            {
                std::cout << "FILLER: This will draw the number";

                exit(0);
            }
            else {
                std::cout << "FILLER: This is the else";
                exit(1);
            }
        }
        catch (std::runtime_error e) 
        {
            std::cout << e.what();
            //std::cout << "That is not a valid number." << '\n';
        }
    }
    return 0;
}